Jorge Salazar-Carrillo, Florida International University

Thousands of Cubans took to the streets across the island around mid-July 2021 in a rare mass expression of dissent in a country known for repressive crackdowns. The government has cracked down by arresting hundreds of dissidents and clamped down on the internet, prompting new sanctions from the U.S.

One of the main drivers of the protests is an economic crisis caused by a mixture of factors, including the pandemic. We asked Jorge Salazar-Carrillo, an economist at Florida International University who worked in the Cuban government’s Finance Ministry in the early days following the 1959 revolution, to provide some background on Cuba’s socialist economy and the current crisis.

The answers have been edited for clarity and length.

1. What’s causing Cuba’s economic crisis?

Cuba’s economy relies largely on tourism and raw exports such as rum, tobacco, sugar and minerals. Before the pandemic, tourism made up the biggest share of the country’s gross domestic product, or about 40% to 50%, and contributed significantly to the Cuban government’s foreign exchange reserves.

In addition, Cuba imports more than half of the fuel, food, medicine and other goods people consume.

All of that is now in crisis. Tourism had already collapsed because of pandemic-related domestic restrictions on travel, as well as Trump-era efforts to curtail American visits to the island. Both exports and imports have plunged, in part due to other recent U.S. sanctions, resulting in food and power shortages and long lines for fuel. The Trump administration’s November 2020 ban on using Western Union to send remittances from the U.S. to Cuba – a policy so far kept in place by President Joe Biden – resulted in a large drop in the amount of money being sent home by Cuban Americans. I estimate remittances fell about a tenth from levels they were at a few years ago.

To top it off, however, the Cuban government launched a calamitous monetary reform in January 2021 that led to high inflation and a plunge in the black market value of the peso.

2. What did the monetary reform do exactly?

Cuba has for decades used two official currencies: the Cuban peso and the convertible Cuban peso. The convertible peso was pegged to the U.S. dollar, which itself is accepted almost everywhere on the island for purchases.

In January, the government eliminated the covertible peso, forcing Cubans to exchange them for regular pesos by the end of June 2021. The long-planned reform – adopted by the government a decade ago to tighten links with the international economy – had the effect of devaluing the Cuban peso.

While the peso, officially, can be exchanged for a dollar at a rate of 24 to 1, the rate is almost triple that on the black market – which is a more accurate reflection of its real worth for most Cubans.

The government increased salaries to state employees to try to compensate for the peso’s dropping worth, but private workers who haven’t seen their wages rise saw the real value of their pay plunge.

At the same time, prices on most goods, especially foreign imports like oil and medicines, have soared. Some economists predict inflation in Cuba will exceed 400% this year.

This has made it much harder for most people to purchase basic necessities such as food and medicine – if they can find them.

3. What can the government do to address the crisis?

Before cracking down on the protesters in the days after the July 11 uprising, President Miguel Díaz-Canel first tried to placate them by acknowledging the Cuban government bore some blame for the economic crisis. And he made it a little easier to physically bring goods into the country from abroad.

But the economic problems afflicting Cuba run much deeper. For perspective, consider that Cuba’s income per capita back in the 1950s was one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere. Today it has one of the lowest.

In large part, that is the result of decades of failed policies and promised reforms that never materialized. While many analysts and activists – and the Cuban government – argue that this is due to American sanctions on Cuban goods, the embargo is not the main reason Cubans are in dire straits now.

From the start, the revolutionary government of Cuba chose to run the economy unsustainably. I was an early supporter of the revolution while studying economics in Miami. I returned to Cuba in 1959 to be the director of a newly created economic department at the Ministry of Finance. I recommended that the government adopt a balanced budget to control inflation and keep the currency stable. Instead, it chose to spend beyond its means – double its revenues – and then raise taxes. This created inflation, caused the real value of the peso to plunge and eventually forced Cuba to adopt foreign exchange controls. We’ve seen this same story play out again and again.

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Feeling that the new finance minister distrusted me, in 1960 I fled with my American wife back to Miami.

For many years Cuba didn’t have to balance its books, because the Soviet Union or Venezuela subsidized its spending. And now the reforms come too late and at a high cost for the Cuban people.

Jorge Salazar-Carrillo, Professor of Economics, Florida International University

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